Abstract A yogurt-like fermented dairy beverage was elaborated from a mixture containing 70% (v/v) caprine milk and 30% (v/v) water-soluble soy extract (WSSE), supplemented with inulin (4 g∙100 mL-1). Physicochemical, sensorial, and microbiological analyses were carried out to characterize the product and evaluate its stability during 28 days of refrigerated storage (5 °C). To compare the results, a yogurt made from whole caprine milk, without inulin supplementation, was elaborated as a control. The use of WSSE and inulin showed favorable to the physicochemical and physical properties of the product, increasing the water holding capacity, improving the rheological properties, and preventing over-acidification during refrigerated storage. Regarding the sensorial evaluation, the control treatment was better evaluated for aroma, flavor, and overall acceptability. No differences were observed between the treatments concerning the microbiological parameters.

Abstract The objective of this study was carried out to evaluating the productive performance, the physical-chemical quality of the milk, the physical-chemical and sensorial quality of rennet cheeses obtained from the milk of goats submitted to diets with diferente levels of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW). The goats were randomly distributed in a Latin square (4x4) according to the substitution levels (0, 14, 28, and 42%) of inclusion GAW in the diet. The consumption of natural and dry matter increased with the increase in hay substitution. However, the physical-chemical requirements of milk and cheese were not altered.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the influence of Crotonblanchetianus Baill essential oil on the sensory parameters of fermented milk drinks with yellow mombin pulp. The milk drinks analyzed contained milk and whey from goat origin, water-soluble soy extract, yellow mombin pulp, and Crotonblanchetianus Baill essential oil (CBEO) in the following proportions: 0.0, 0.0035; 0.0070, and 0.0105 g/L according to the Artemia salina toxicity test. The extraction of essential oil from the Crotonblanchetianus Baill leaves was carried out using hydrodistillation by steam. The sensory profile of the fermented milk drink was obtained through Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. The CBEO influenced the color of yellow mombin, brightness, viscosity, woody flavor, appearance, and flavor attributes. The samples were also approved in the acceptance test, with no statistical difference between treatments. Therefore, it was concluded that the addition of CBEO promoted changes in the sensory characteristics of the fermented milk drink with yellow mombin pulp for the appearance and flavor attributes. However, it did not negatively influence the acceptance of the analyzed product.

Abstract This study's objective was to evaluate the effect of storage time (-18 ± 1 °C/60 days) under colorimetric, physicochemical, and lipid oxidation parameters in sheep meat sausages with oil pre-emulsified linseed to replace animal fat. Five formulations have been developed; the control sausage (0%) and four fat replacement levels with pre-emulsified linseed oil: 10, 20, 30, and 40%. Color analysis s (L *, a * and b *), determination of the total colorimetric difference (CD), water activity (Aw), pH, moisture, water retention capacity (WRC), and lipid oxidation through the number of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), where all analysis were determined at intervals of 0, 20, 40 and 60 days of storage. The treatment, the storage time, and the interaction between these factors significantly affected (P < .0001) most of the studied parameters. The TBARS values were affected by the treatment (P < .0001) and by the storage days (P < .0001), with an interaction between these factors (P < .0001). However, it is suggested that the replacement of animal fat with pre-emulsified linseed oil was a viable strategy without causing detrimental effects on the product's quality during the storage period.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with bidistilled glycerin from the biodiesel industry on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality of milk and goat cheese. Twelve Saanen multiparous goats weighing 40 ± 6 kg and 30 ± 5 days of lactation were used. The physicochemical parameters analyzed were: fat (%), non-fat solids (%), protein (%), lactose (%), salts (%), relative density at 15/15 °C (gmL-1), index cryoscopic (°C), electrical conductivity (mScm-1), pH and acidity. The milk from each treatment was used to make the rennet cheese. The physicochemical variables: pH, lipids, ESD, and cheese yield had a significant effect (P < 0.05) for the increasing use of bidistilled glycerin in the goat feeding. The pH, acidity, EST, ESD, and yield variables presented linear regressive effect and lipids quadratic regressive effect. The softness sensory attribute had a significant effect (P < 0.05) for the increasing levels of bidistilled glycerin in the goat diet; the softness decreased as the glycerin level increased. Bi-distilled glycerin, when inserted in the diets of dairy goats at increasing levels, promotes a reduction in the lipid content of milk, consequently affecting the cheese yield and the sensory softness parameter.

Resumo Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar funções matemáticas no ajuste da curva de lactação média e individual de caprinos e estimar parâmetros genéticos e ambientais para medidas repetidas de produção de leite. Foram utilizadas 183 lactações, sendo 121 de cabras Saanen e 62 de cabras Alpinas, de animais pertencentes ao Laboratório de Caprinocultura e Ovinocultura da UFPB/CCHSA. O controle leiteiro foi realizado em intervalos de sete dias. O ajuste foi feito para curva média utilizando-se seis funções matemáticas: polinomial inversa, linear hiperbólica, gama incompleta, quadrática logarítmica, linear e quadrática, sendo ajustada por processos interativos, através de regressão não linear. Os critérios utilizados para verificar a qualidade do ajuste para cada função foram: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2a), percentuais de desvio entre as produções totais observadas e estimadas, percentuais de curvas típicas, desvio médio absoluto e quadrado médio dos resíduos. Verificou-se que qualquer um dos modelos testados pode ser utilizado para estimativas da curva média, porém, para o estudo das curvas individuais, o modelo Gama Incompleto deve ser preferido por apresentar melhores estimativas dos componentes da curva de lactação.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare mathematical functions in adjusting the mean and individual lactation curve of goats and to estimate genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production. 183 lactations were used, 121 of Saanen goats and 62 of Alpine goats, of animals belonging to the Laboratory of goat and Sheep of UFPB/CCHSA. The milk control was performed at intervals of seven days. The adjustment was made to the mean curve using six mathematical functions: inverse polynomial, linear hyperbolic, incomplete gamma, quadratic logarithmic, linear and quadratic, and adjusted by interactive processes through non-linear regression. The criteria used to verify the fit quality for each function were adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), percentages of deviation between observed and estimated total yields, percentages of typical curves, mean absolute deviation and mean square of residues. It was verified that any of the models tested can be used for mean curve estimates, but for the study of the individual curves, the incomplete gamma model should be preferred because it presents better estimates of the components of the lactation curve.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da vitamina C (VC), vitamina E (VE) e de duas formas de selênio sobre o desempenho, rendimento e qualidade do filé de tilápia Nilótica. O experimento foi realizado num delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por seis tratamentos, os quais foram constituídos pela adição de 100, 200 e 400 mg kg-1 das vitaminas C e E, associados com 0,1, 0,2 e 0,4 mg kg-1 de duas formas de selênio. Cada tratamento foi constituído por cinco repetições de 30 peixes cada. A dieta com 200 mg kg-1 de VC e VE + 0,2 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico proporcionou ganho de peso, comprimento corporal e fator de conversão alimentar semelhantes aos tratamentos com 400 mg kg-1 de VC e VE + 0,4 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico ou inorgânico. A adição de selênio orgânico à dieta melhorou o ganho de peso e o fator de conversão alimentar em comparação com o selênio inorgânico. A dieta com 0,2 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico apresentou nível de glutationa peroxidase igual ao da dieta com 0,4 mg kg-1 de selênio inorgânico. Os rendimentos de carcaça e filé não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, entretanto houve efeito dos tratamentos na composição química do filé.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and two selenium sources on the performance, yield, and composition of Nile tilapia fillet. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments with the addition of 100, 200, and 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE and 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 of two sources of selenium. Each treatment had five replicates of 30 fish each. The diet with 200 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.2 mg.k-1 organic selenium resulted in weight gain, length gain, and feed conversion ratio similar to that of the treatment with 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.4 mg kg-1 organic or inorganic selenium. The addition of organic selenium to the diet improved the weight gain and feed conversion ratio in comparison with the addition of inorganic selenium. The diet with 0.2 mg kg-1 organic selenium showed glutathione peroxidase level equal to the diet with 0.4 mg kg-1 of inorganic selenium. Carcass and fillet yields were not affected by treatments; however, there was treatment effect on the fillet's chemical composition.

The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, apparent digestibility, ingestive behavior and blood parameters of milking goats fed cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) and increasing urea levels in substitution to soybean meal. Ten multiparous Alpine goats with average weight of 31±6.0 kg were used and distributed into (5 × 5) Latin squares and assessed during five 17-day periods, receiving five treatments with the following substitution levels: 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 g/kg of urea. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates, ether extract, organic matter and water intake values showed differences, whith average values ranging from 1.03 to 1.13; 0.12 to 0.14; 1.76 to 2.10 kg/day and 0.77 to 1.48 kg/day, respectively. The NDF and crude protein apparent digestibility values were significantly affected by urea levels. In relation to the ingestive behavior, the urea levels did not influence the feeding, idleness or rumination parameters. Difference was observed for the following physiological variables: feces frequency (11.5 to 15.9 times per day), urine frequency (10.8 to 14.2 times per day) and frequency of search for water (0.8 to 2.1 times per day). The urea levels influenced the blood parameters, whose average levels ranged from 29.83 to 40.76 mg/dL. Pear cactus and increasing urea levels in substitution to soybean meal do not alter the dry matter intake or ingestive behavior. The use of urea associated with forage cactus reduces water intake and increases the blood urea concentration of milking goats.

O trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar a substituição do leite de cabra por soro de queijo bovino no aleitamento de cabritos alpinos. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4 × 2, composto de quatro níveis de substituição do leite de cabra por soro de queijo (0, 15, 30 e 45%) e dois sexos (três machos e quatro fêmeas por tratamento). A inclusão do soro de queijo na dieta não afetou o desenvolvimento ponderal dos cabritos dos 7 aos 42 dias de idade. Os cabritos alimentados com leite de cabra apresentaram maiores pesos finais, em torno de 13,0 kg; consumiram 70,0 litros/animal de leite de cabra, 172,0 g MS/animal/dia de concentrado e tiveram ganho médio de 137,5 g/dia. Nos cabritos alimentados com a dieta com 15, 30 e 45% de soro de queijo, os pesos finais foram de 11,1; 9,88 e 10,27 kg; o consumo de leite foi de 59,5; 49,0 e 38,4 litros/animal; e o de concentrado, 148,0; 117,0 e 135 g MS/animal/dia, com ganhos de 122,2; 99,5 e 100,8 g/dia, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar não diferiu entre as dietas. O efeito do sexo evidenciou-se a partir dos 21 dias de idade, mas não houve interação dieta × sexo. Ao final do estudo, aos 70 dias de idade, o peso dos machos (12,4 kg) foi maior que o das fêmeas (10,6 kg). A maior rentabilidade média (168,15%) foi obtida com o fornecimento dos níveis mais altos de soro de leite. O aleitamento de cabritos com até 45% de soro de queijo é tecnicamente viável e proporciona melhor retorno econômico. O uso de leite integral de cabra para criação de cabritos em rebanhos leiteiros é economicamente inviável.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the replacement of whole goat milk for cattle cheese whey in the artificial nursing of alpine kids. The animals were distributed in a complete randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement made up with four levels of goat milk replacing for cheese whey (0, 15, 30 and 45%) and two sexes (three males and four females per treatment). The inclusion of cheese whey in the diet did not affect the growth of the kids from 7 to 42 days of age. Kids fed whole goat milk showed higher final weights, around 13.0 kg. They intaked 70.0 L/animal of whole goat milk, 172.0 g DM/animal/day of concentrate and they had an average gain of 137.5 g/day. For the kids fed with 15, 30, 45% cheese whey diet, the final weights were 11.1; 9.88 and 10.27 kg; the whole goat milk consumption was 59.5, 49.0 and 38.4 L/animal, the concentrate consumption was 148.0; 117.0 and 135 g DM/animal/day with gains of 122.2; 99.5 and 100.8 g/day, respectively. Food conversion did not differ among diets. The sex effect was evident from the age of 21 days but there was not a treatment × sex interaction. At the end of the work, at 70 days of age, the weight of the males (12.4 kg) was higher than the female weights (10.6 kg). The highest average yield (168.15%) was obtained when the kids received maximum level of whey. Nursing kids with up to 45% of cattle cheese whey is technically viable and increases economic return. However, using whole milk goat for nursing kids in milk cattle is economically unviable.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da utilização de silagem de maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) nas relações volumoso:concentrado 30:70; 40:60; 50:50 e 60:40% sobre a composição do leite, o perfil de ácidos graxos e as características sensoriais do leite de cabras Moxotó. Utilizaram-se oito cabras multíparas com aproximadamente 60 dias pós-parto, pesando em média 44 kg, em um delineamento quadrado latino duplo 4 × 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias: dez de adaptação dos animais às dietas e cinco de coleta do leite. Não foi observado efeito das dietas na composição química do leite, que apresentou valores médios de proteína (3,79%), gordura (3,97 %), lactose (4,66 %), extrato seco total (13,12%), densidade (1,033) e acidez (19ºD). O fornecimento de silagem de maniçoba influenciou de forma linear crescente as concentrações de ácido mirístico (C14:0), que apresentaram valores de 6,15 a 7,85%, e de forma decrescente os teores de ácido linolênico (C18:3), cujos valores médios foram de 2,13 a 0,76% conforme aumentaram os níveis de silagem na dieta. Os resultados da ADQ (análise descritiva quantitativa) indicam que a utilização de silagem de maniçoba em dieta para cabras não confere mudanças sensoriais perceptíveis no leite. A inclusão de silagem de maniçoba na alimentação de cabras leiteiras em níveis de até 60% da dieta não altera a composição e as características sensoriais do leite.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the use of maniçoba silage (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) in different forage:concentrate ratio (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 and 60:40%) in milk composition, fatty acids profile and sensorial characteristics of Moxotó dairy goat milk. Eight multiparus goats were used, with approximately 60 days postpartum and about 44 kg on average, in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four treatments, four periods and 4 animals. Each period lasted 15 days : 10 of adaptation of the animals to the diets and 5 of milk collection. No effect of the diets was observed on milk chemical composition, which showed mean values of protein (3.79%), fat (3.97%), lactose (4.66%), total dry extract (13.12%), density (1.033) and acidity (19ºD). A positive linear effect was observe for the miristic acid (C14:0), with mean values from 6.15 to 7.85%, and a negative linear effect was observed for the linolenic acid (C18:3), with mean values from 2.13 to 0.76%, due to the increase of silage levels in the diet. The results of ADQ (quantitative and descriptive analyses) show that the use of maniçoba silage in goats diet did not cause sensorial perceptible changes in the milk. The maniçoba silage inclusion in feeding of milk goat up to the level of 60% in the diet did not change the composition and sensorial characteristics of Moxotó breed goat milk.